LTA and colitis: Furthermore, mouse inflammatory cytokines PCR Array indicated that the mRNA expression of many downstream genes of activated mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, including Tnf-α, Il17b, Il17f, Lta (TNF-b), Ccl1, Il11(Eotaxin) and Il1α, were significantly up-regulated but the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 was down-regulated in colitis samples of Adamts18 KO mice compared to those in WT mice (Supplementary Figure 3).