Alterations in this pathway can co-occur with alterations in the RTK/Ras pathway (Cerami et al., 2012; Gao et al., 2013; Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, 2014), although KEAP1/NRF2 alterations are enriched in the ‘oncogene negative’ subset of lung cancers (Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network, 2014). Here, KEAP1 is linked to lung carcinoma.