PTPN11 and cancer: For the development of leukemia, breast cancer, oral cancer, laryngeal cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, and gastric cancer, the aberrant expression and activation of SHP2 has been identified as oncogenic for facilitating cancer cell hyper-proliferation through a mechanism involving activation of MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling [8, 9, 94].