IL13 and ovarian carcinoma: Previous studies have revealed that the activation of IL-13Rα2 by IL-13 triggers the MAPK signaling pathway by phosphorylating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in pancreatic and ovarian cancers and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway by phosphorylating Src and AKT in colorectal cancer [17–19].