NKX3-1 and neoplasm: These included the NKX3-1 gene, which is one of the earliest markers for prostate development during embryogenesis and is a regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [23]; the TP53 gene, which is well-known for tumor recurrence and metastasis [48], and the androgen-regulated TMPRSS2  gene, which is highly expressed in PCa [49, 50].