SMAD7 and neoplasm: In line with the expectation that cell types of the microenvironment such as macrophages rather than hepatocytes or tumor cells mainly produce IL-6, we could not find a significant effect of SMAD7 overexpression on the production of Il-6 mRNA or secretion of IL-6 in HuH-7 cells (Figure 5c, Supplementary Figure S7B).