Additionally, IL-32 was found to be expressed by macrophages, with highly increased expression after stimulation of these cells with pro-inflammatory components that were previously appointed to be involved in atherosclerosis (e.g. toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 agonist Poly I:C and interferon-gamma (IFNγ))23, 24, 25. Here, IFNG is linked to atherosclerosis.