Moreover, since, inflammation, high levels of PTH, vitamin D deficiency, and anemia are generally observed features of CKD, we examined the correlation of these variables, including VEGF, with the carotid adventitial VV content in order to evaluate their role in increasing the carotid adventitial VV, therefore aggravating CV disease (CVD), in both dialysis and nondialysis-dependent CKD patients. This evidence concerns the gene PTH and anemia.