CSF2 and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: We have also found that hUCMSC injection elevated the myocardial expression and circulating levels of relevant cytokines including hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), suggesting that paracrine mechanisms are likely to contribute to the therapeutic effects of hUCMSCs on DCM.