DE exposure also increased expression of both markers of the ISR, both in presence and absence of NTHi: DDIT3/CHOP mRNA was increased in cells from both non-COPD and COPD donors after DE exposure; this DE-induced increase in DDIT3/CHOP only reached significance in cells from COPD patients (Fig. 2c; *p = 0.0493), whereas the further increase in presence of NTHi after DE exposure did not reach statistical significance. The gene discussed is DDIT3; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.