GPC3 and neoplasm: Immunohistochemical (IHC) scoring (Supplementary Table 2) was used to confirm the malignant nature of the tumours based on the expression of 3 markers: Glypican-3 (GPC3) — an oncofetal protein; Glutamine synthetase (GS) — an enzyme important for ammonia detoxification and glutamine synthesis and Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) — a peptide chaperone up regulated in stress conditions to prevent protein miss folding and aggregation30.