In ALS patients and mouse models of ALS, areas with degenerating motor neurons are marked by the presence of abundant cytokines (e.g., TNF, MCP-1, TGF-β, and IFN-γ) and inflammatory cells (e.g., T cells, activated microglia, and astrocytes) [54–56]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.