TLR4 and Stroke: Further, other DAMPs such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are thought to be released from dying cerebral tissue after stroke that are sensed by putative receptors (e.g., TLR2, TLR4, and RAGE) to signal mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) resulting the stimulation of inflammatory cascades, leading to the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selection, and iNOS [30].