TNF and hypertensive disorder: Various inflammatory cytokines, such as Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and Interleukin-2 (IL-2) have been associated with dysfunction in EC and VSMC, which are among the key contributors resulting in various vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis (AS), hypertension, and vascular stenosis (Ho et al., 2010; Lu et al., 2013; Stone et al., 2013; Zhu et al., 2014).