The increase of phosphorylation in IRS-1 and PI3K serine, as happens in insulin-resistance, is mediated by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor-κB kinase β (IKK-β) activation, as happens in experimental models of insulin-resistance induced by HFD or palmitic acid [27,113,114]. This evidence concerns the gene IRS1 and Insulin resistance.