TNF and neoplasm: Moreover, the tumor-promoting activity of TNF-α was confirmed by two-stage carcinogenesis experiments on the skin of TNF-α deficient (TNF-α−/−) 129/Svj mice and TNF-α+/+ CD-1 mice treated with DMBA plus okadaic acid and with DMBA plus TPA (Suganuma et al. 1999).