Lastly, although this study analyzed serum samples for concentrations of some cytokines, analysis of additional cytokines that are suspected to play some roles in malaria immunity (40, 41) as well as concentrations of chemokines such as RANTES and IP-10, which have been shown to vary with malaria severity (40), would provide additional insight into their separate and/or synergistic roles in malaria. This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and malaria.