Nevertheless, it is apparent that the IL-10 response observed in CM was unable to prevent these high proinflammatory cytokine levels, since higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in malaria patients who died than in those who survived, as found previously in adults in Vietnam (19), suggest that uncontrolled levels of these cytokines may have contributed to the demise of these children. Here, TNF is linked to malaria.