The simultaneous discovery of anti-cN-1A antibodies in 2011 by two independent research groups offers potential insights into the pathogenesis of IBM, and will contribute to the debate about the relative influence of the immune system and degeneration.16, 19, 23 The presence of anti-cN-1A in other autoimmune diseases such as Sjögren's syndrome is also of interest as it might highlight shared underlying immune mechanisms across these diseases.22 As with most other MSAs, further research is required to establish the mechanisms involved in anti-cN-1A reactivity in IBM. This evidence concerns the gene NT5C1A and inclusion body myositis.