TNF and osteoporosis: There is a significant positive correlation between IL-1β, TNF-α, and NTx in women with osteoporosis similar to previous studies.[44,45] TNF-α and IL-1β are known to inhibit bone formation by depressing osteoblast activity, synthesis of collagen, and secretion and mineralization of the extracellular bone matrix.[46,47] These results are also consistent with a significant role of proinflammatory cytokines in the inflammatory state present in osteoporosis.