This may because ARVC phenotypic expression is a prerequisite for the occurrence of life-threatening arrhythmias in desmosomal gene mutation carriers40 or the 3 aforementioned phenotypes may be more severe in those patients with non-desmosomal mutations such as transmembrane protein 43 and phospholamban mutations. Here, TMEM43 is linked to arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy.