ATG16L1 and colitis: This conclusion was further supported by Cadwell et al. who discovered that Atg16l1 mutation in Paneth cells alone does not induce more severe injury in colon of DSS-induced colitis but a specific virus-plus-Atg16l1 variant led to intestinal lesion in mice through secreting high levels of TNF-α and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) (19).