These functional outcomes are consistent with impaired diaphragm contractile properties in HF animals (Lecarpentier et al., 1998; Coirault et al., 2007; van Hees et al., 2007, 2008b; Empinado et al., 2014; Ahn et al., 2015), which are prevented by pharmacologic antioxidants (Supinski and Callahan, 2005; Laitano et al., 2016) or knockout of p47phox (Ahn et al., 2015). The gene discussed is NCF1; the disease is hydrops fetalis.