The same group has shown that macrophages can also be infected by MERS-CoV and in this case infection with the virus induces the production of TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ and IL-12, thus initiating anti-viral responses [24] and additional evidence showed increased IFNλ, and several chemokines such as CXCL10, CCL2, CCL3 and IL-8 production from macrophages or dendritic cells, in the absence [27, 28] or presence [24, 29] of viral replication. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.