INS and cardiovascular disorder: We now recognize the intricate interplay between traditional risk factors, ART-associated metabolic disturbances, and the inflammatory milieu created by chronic HIV infection that leads to cardiovascular disease, disorders of glucose-insulin homeostasis, and adipose tissue dysfunction.[1–8] Traditional clinical tools used to risk-stratify these diseases in HIV-uninfected persons may underestimate risk in patients with well-controlled HIV,[9] while biomarkers such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) may be better surrogate markers for cardiovascular disease.[10,11]