For initiated cancer cells however, decreased in local availability of paracrine mediators as the result of declining mesenchymal AR signalling could result in (i) de-differentiation and/or epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); (ii) reduced epithelial AR function and PSA production that has implications for clinical monitoring via PSA and response to androgen deprivation therapy; and (iii) a less hospitable environment for epithelial cells thus driving pathways for epithelial movement and metastasis to more favourable sites. This evidence concerns the gene AR and cancer.