INS and diabetes mellitus: The six gene sets were significant in diabetes studies and joint analysis by all three p-values (Fixed_p, Bin_p0 and Bin_p1 at the Table 3): (1) the gene set of “UV response” are genes downregulated in fibroblasts after UV irradiation, and it was mapped to the TGF-beta signaling pathway, which regulates insulin gene transcription and β cell function [42]; (2) the gene set of “chronic myelogenous leukemia” (CML) is a collection of genes upregulated in the CD34+ cells of CML patients and previous study suggested that CML is connected to T2D [43].