TNF and Crohn ileitis: At day 7 following T. gondii infection, pro-inflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-12p70 and IL-6 were elevated in both P. aeruginosa infected and uninfected hma mice with ileitis as compared to naive controls (p < 0.05-0.001; Fig. 8a) that were accompanied by increased IFN-γ secretion in splenic ex vivo biopsies (p < 0.001; Fig. 8b).