Pathological hypertrophy is associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, cardiac dysfunction, left ventricular dilatation and increased expression of foetal genes such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) and skeletal α-actin [8,9]. Here, NPPA is linked to Left ventricular dilatation.