TNF and Stroke: Elevated proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) as well as altered activation of macrophages, T cells, natural killer cells, and other immune cell populations are associated with major comorbidities (including diabetes) (Figs. 1 and 2) for stroke [54].