Considering that bacterial infection and sepsis cause significant pathology due to host cell death via necrosis, apoptosis, and pyroptosis, as well as extracellular trap-associated neutrophil death46, it is conceivable that Mincle recognizes endogenous ligands that are released as “danger signals” from dead cells in the interaction between bacteria and host cells. This evidence concerns the gene CLEC4E and bacterial infectious disease.