GAST and pancreatic adenocarcinoma: Our transcriptome analysis of differentially expressed genes in the pancreatic adenocarcinoma AR42J cells revealed that gastrin upregulates the mRNA level of autophagy related genes (e.g. Sqstm1 and beclin 1 (E-MTAB-1268 and GSE32869)) [22], suggesting that gastrin may induce autophagy.