PTBP1 and cancer: We described here the first novel combination RNAi treatment using ectopic expression of miR-145 and knockdown of PTBP1. We found that this combination treatment had an antitumor effect on the cancer-specific pathways including PI3K/AKT, MAPK/ERK, and c-Myc/PTBP1/PKMs involved in the Warburg effect in bladder cancer.