TLR4 and Alzheimer disease: DAMPs have been implicated in a large array of pathologies caused by TLR4 activation including atherosclerosis12, rheumatoid arthritis (RA)13, neuroinflammation, neuropathic pain14, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)15, ischemia/reperfusion, trauma16, and haemorrhage17.