Our group has previously reported that compared to healthy controls, patients with SSc, have an increased frequency of transitional B cells, but a decreased proportion of IL-10-producing transitional B cells after short stimulation with PMA and ionomycin, and also a decreased frequency of CD25high CD27high CD86high CD1dhigh B cells, which are regarded as regulatory [9, 28]. This evidence concerns the gene IL10 and systemic sclerosis.