BRAF and melanoma: A number of new therapies for the treatment of stage 4 melanoma have recently become available, including the immuno-oncology agents ipilimumab, nivolumab, and pembrolizumab (Hodi et al, 2010; Robert et al, 2014, 2015), as well as inhibitors of protein kinases BRAF and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinase (MEK) for use in patients with activating mutations in BRAF (Hauschild et al, 2012; Sosman et al, 2012; Larkin et al, 2014; Long et al, 2014).