PHB1 and gastric cancer: GRP78 is reported to induce apoptosis by unsequestering PERK, ATF6 and IRE1 after accumulation of misfolded proteins in ER,31while PHB is reported to induce apoptosis by means of caspase 3 and caspase 9 over expression in gastric cancer cells.32 Therefore, to analyse the role of these three proteins in viral recognition and regulation of apoptosis, we ablated them by siRNA application in hNS1 cells and it revealed decreased virion release (Figure 5c and Supplementary Figure S7) and decreased caspase 3 profile (Figure 5a) post knockdown.