Regarding inflammatory and apoptotic factors, plasma TNF-α was significantly increased only in I/R group compared to the negative control group (107.65 ± 19.78 versus 35.15 ± 0.51, P < 0.001); however, insignificant changes were present in ischemia only, Gingko biloba treated I/R, and Gingko biloba supplemented groups compared to the negative control group. Here, TNF is linked to ischemia.