CTLA4 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: In fact, antibodies counteracting suppression of the T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling via CD28/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) (eg ipilimumab), or interfering with T-cell exhaustion via the PD1/PD ligand 1 (PDL1) axis (eg nivolumab, pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, durvalumab etc.)display impressive therapeutic efficacy in melanoma [26–32], squamous [33] and non-squamous non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [34], squamous cell cancer of the head and neck [35], renal [36], urothelial cancers [37] and Hodgkin’s disase [38, 39].