TWIST1 and cancer: Since then, the relationship between Twist1-induced EMT and cancer metastasis has been verified in a broad range of tumor types including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [24], prostate cancer [77], gastric cancer [22], esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [25, 35], bladder cancer [19], pancreatic cancer [55], gliomas [30, 31], nasopharyngeal carcinoma [28], HNC [29], and epithelial ovarian carcinoma [78].