TWIST1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: As a result, Twist1 might serve as a useful diagnostic or prognostic factor predicting poor outcome, which has already been illustrated in breast cancer [15], bladder cancer [33], cervical cancer [34], esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [35], HNC [36], colorectal cancer [37], hepatocellular cancer [38, 39], melanoma [40], nasopharyngeal cancer [27], and ovarian cancer [41, 42].