TWIST1 and breast carcinoma: Twist1 over-expression is commonly observed in breast cancer [13–18], bladder cancer [19–21], gastric cancer [22, 23], hepatocellular carcinoma [24], esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [25, 26], nasopharyngeal carcinoma [27, 28], head and neck cancer (HNC) [29], glioblastoma [30, 31], and chronic myelogenous leukemia [32].