SMAD2 and cancer: Mucin 1 (MUC1) and WNT1 inducible signaling pathway protein 1 (WISP1) have been reported to inhibit E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion, induce the expression of transcription factors (Snail, N-cadherin, ZEB1 and Smad2), and in turn activate EMT in cancer cells [20, 21].