Further, in these rodent models of postpartum breast cancer, COX-2 inhibition reduces involution instigated tumor promotion through a reduction in many of the TGF-β mediated processes we have described [48,80] and offers an example of a novel, targeted and efficacious therapeutic approach that might be adopted for a patient cohort for whom standard of care is poorly effective. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.