By ingenuity pathway analysis, differentially expressed genes were found to encode enzymes and transcription regulators required for anti-apoptotic and proliferative signalling associated with several cancers, including small cell lung, colon, pancreatic, thyroid and prostate cancer (MYC, KRAS, CTNNB1, ABL1, CDKN1B, BAD, NFKB2 and NFKBIE) (Fig. 2a). Here, KRAS is linked to prostate carcinoma.