NRAS and melanoma: Collectively mutations causing activation of the MAPK pathway are found in a large proportion of melanomas (Halaban and Krauthammer, 2016; Krauthammer et al., 2015); indeed, around 84% of cutaneous melanomas have mutations in one of the three major drivers BRAF, NRAS and NF1 with the most frequent melanoma driver mutation being BRAFV600E occurring in around 40–50% of melanomas (Davies et al., 2002; Dhomen et al., 2009).