In contrast, repeat-cross-sectional studies in highland Kenya showed that IFN-γ responses to pre-erythrocytic antigens LSA-1 (John et al., 2000) and TRAP were stable over periods of very low malaria transmission (Moormann et al., 2009), possibly showing that IFN-γ responses may not be a good indicator of past exposure. Here, IFNG is linked to malaria.