Given that chronic inflammation and oxidative stress play causative roles in pathogenesis of insulin resistance (Ceriello and Motz, 2004[11]) and on the other hand, vitamin D has effects on insulin levels and expression of insulin receptor, and also inhibits inflammation (Tzotzas et al., 2010[75]) and oxidative stress (Lerchbaum and Obermayer-Pietsch, 2012[41]). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Insulin resistance.