Conversely, as we previously showed [20] this treatment resulted in a prominent nuclear retention of Tax-1 protein in 293T cells transfected with a Tax-1-encoding cDNA (Fig 4B). From these results we conclude that in HAM/TSP patients, HBZ is specifically retained into the cytoplasm and does not shuttle into the nucleus. The gene discussed is CNTN2; the disease is tropical spastic paraparesis.