Finally, and directly linked to infection with helminth parasites and hence HD-DCs, IL-4 drives the development of alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs or M(IL-4)) that have been implicated in wound healing49 and the suppression of colitis-induced by DNBS, oxazolone and dextran sodium-sulfate (DSS)26, 50, 51. This evidence concerns the gene IL4 and infection.