MTOR and central nervous system cancer: Previous studies of kinase inhibitor resistance in adult BRAFWT gliomas with PTEN mutations resistant to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to AKT to mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K-AKT-mTOR) pathway inhibitors found that autophagy inhibition improved response to dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitors (Fan et al., 2010).