Finally, cognitive decline and neurodegeneration has been shown to be increased not only in diabetes itself, but in pre-diabetes (Luchsinger et al., 2004), in which there is insulin resistance but enough insulin is still produced to prevent overt diabetes (Cole et al., 2007; Luchsinger et al., 2004; Yaffe et al., 2004). This evidence concerns the gene INS and Mental deterioration.