PTEN and melanoma: Our findings show that the effects of β-catenin signaling in melanoma cells differs depending on PTEN expression; in the absence of PTEN loss, cellular bioenergetics is compromised by β-catenin and tumor invasion/metastasis reduced, whereas cells exhibiting reduced expression of PTEN have increased invasion in response to β-catenin signaling, which does not appear to be due to a definable metabolic reprogramming event in these cells, suggesting the pro-invasive effects of WNT/β-catenin signaling are potentially independent of metabolic reprogramming in this particular context.