Additional in vitro studies demonstrated that 25(OH)D3 was able to decrease proliferative activity of follicular thyroid cells [59] and modulate expression of ECM protein-1 (ECM1) and the type II transmembrane serine protease-4 (TMPRSS4), two independent predictor of thyroid carcinoma [60]. The gene discussed is ECM1; the disease is thyroid gland carcinoma.